Time-varying causality nexus of (non)renewable electricity utilization, real output, and carbon emission among selected African states

Abstract Adding to the debate on drivers of carbon neutrality, perspective time-dependent effect crucial factors such as renewable and conventional energy utilization should offer relevant policy for stakeholders in sector. On empirical front, several studies have investigated causal interaction between nonrenewable consumption, economic growth, dioxide (CO 2 ) emission by using approaches. In contrast, this study utilized a time-varying causality (TC) technique (which offers time inference) determine relationship CO its potential source types Gross Domestic Product (GDP) South Africa, Egypt, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Tunisia over period spanning 1980Q1 2017Q4. Importantly, there is statistically significant evidence examined TC approach. For instance, from 2004Q1–2006Q3 GDP during 2013Q2–2015Q3 were observed Africa. Moreover, non-renewable compares very well with Algeria. Overall, results largely indicate relationships among our variables all six countries different sequences. These differ Toda–Yamamoto test, which only reveals Tunisia. The findings obtained approach are essential designing implementing appropriate policies, especially attaining these countries' Paris agreement Sustainable Development Goal 13 since goals periodically assessed.